1.??? Mismatching.

When there are mismatching among solar panels DC in series or photovoltaic?array, there will lead to the losses.

How to calculate these losses:

(1)According to the distribution of the current

(2)Shunt?resistor Under different radiation

Optimize:

(1)Use string inverter

(2)Short circuit current step

2.??? Inverter .

It includes the inverter itself losses and DC transfer to AC, the MPPT will also lead to the loss.

The inverter itself s:

(1)Inverter efficiency

(2)Over-load loss

(3)Power threshold loss

(4)Over-voltage loss

(5)Voltage threshold loss

Inverter also has continuous open circuit losses at night. In general ,the open circuit losses will be 0.1%, full-load losses will be 1%

3.??? Cable

Voltage fluctuation will lead to ohmic losses. So cable losses according to the actual situation. Cable loss include AC loss and OC loss:

(1)AC loss means AC output to transformer junction,

(1)DC loss means photovoltaic?array, combiner?box output to the inverter DC.